Nonetheless, the results of some studies suggested that specific turn-taking elements are innate, while others are acquired during development (e.g., flexibility).
In addition, studies investigating turn-taking abilities across different development periods and in relation to different social partners were very rare, thereby hampering direct, systematic comparisons within and across species. Overall, we found a considerable variation in the terminologies and methodological approaches used. Most of these studies were from the last decade, showing an increased interest in this field over the years. We performed a systematic review including a wide range of terms and found 21 studies presenting findings on turn-taking abilities in infants and juveniles. Since mammals exhibit an extended development period, including learning and strong parental care, they represent an excellent model group in which to investigate the acquisition and development of turn-taking abilities. Second, we highlight research avenues to spur more research into this domain and investigate if distinct turn-taking elements can be found in other non-human animal species. Hence, the aim of the current paper was 2-fold: First, we carried out a systematic review of turn-taking development and acquisition in mammals to evaluate possible research bias and existing gaps. Surprisingly, however, the existing studies have mainly focused on turn-taking production of adult individuals, while little is known about its emergence and development in young individuals. Moreover, there is some evidence for turn-taking in different mammalian taxa, especially those capable of vocal learning.
Recently, it has been argued that this turn-taking infrastructure may be a foundational and ancient mechanism of the layered system of language because communicative turn-taking has been found in human infants and across several non-human primate species. A recent hypothesis, the Interaction Engine Hypothesis, postulates that language was made possible through the special capacity for social interaction involving different social cognitive skills (e.g., joint attention, common ground) and specific characteristics such as face-to-face interaction, mutual gaze and turn-taking, the exchange of rapid communicative turns. How human language evolved remains one of the most intriguing questions in science, and different approaches have been used to tackle this question. Comparative BioCognition, Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.Posts that are loosely related because they reference an anecdote told by any of the three, or a situation or event in their history, are allowed.įlairs must be related to Ricky, Steve or Karl and the maximum length is flexible within reason.
Posts must be relevant to Ricky, Steve, or Karl, or any of their work. These rules are a work in progress and constantly evolve based on user feedback. Karl's Facebook (He sometimes replies to messages.) Ricky's blog, his Twitter and his YouTube channel Most posts will be about Xfm, which are available almost everywhere!Ī) Unofficially it would seem so - officially they are each working on their own projects and have said their schedules don't align Q) I don't understand the majority of the posts, what are people referencing?Ī ) In the early 2000's Ricky, Steve and Karl worked on a radio show called Xfm. Q) I see people with an orange flair!? How do I get one of those?Ī ) Orange flairs are awarded to members of the subbreddit who win a Rockbusters competition! Its a very rare award!
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